Growing beans in the open field, subject to all agrotechnical conditions, will not only bring a lot of harvest, but also saturate the soil with nitrogen. Further in the article - features of planting, care for beans and a list of the best varieties.
Botanical description of beans
Beans are an annual vegetable. Their botanical features:
- Stem. Straight, tetrahedral, thick, reaches a height of 30-120 cm. Branches weakly.
- Leaves. They have a complex structure, they consist of 3-5 leaves.
- Root. Powerful, goes deep into 1.5 m.
- Inflorescence. Brushes with 4-14 flowers in white, yellow, blue or brown. There are black spots on the wings.
- Fruit. The pods are long and can be straight or curved. Length - 4-20 cm, depending on the variety. The leaves at the stage of technical ripeness are green, darken as they mature. In the pod - seeds, in an amount of from 2 pieces. Color, shape and size are determined by variety. They are yellow, green, purple, brown, black, variegated.
Bean varieties differ in terms of ripening, yield, fruits, plant height, agrotechnical characteristics.
The best varieties
Beans, when compared with other garden crops, do not have many varieties, although their history goes back thousands of years. All varieties are divided into 4 groups according to the ripening period:
- early - 60-65 days pass from germination to the first ripe pods;
- mid-early - 65-75 days;
- mid-season - 70-90 days;
- late - about 100 days.
Also, all beans are conditionally divided into two types of varieties:
- Northern. They are characterized by early maturity, increased frost resistance and undemandingness. For regions where summer is short and not hot.
- Western European. For the southern and central regions of the country, where the climate is warmer.
Velena
Medium early sugar variety, ripens in 90 days. Plant height - up to 1 m. The length of the pods - 12 cm, each with 4 beans. Fruits are round, pale white, then light fawn. Productivity 1.1-1.7 kg per 1 sq. m.
Belorussian
Tall, mid-season beans. Plant height - 1-1.4 m. One plant produces up to 6 pods. Ripen in about 70 days after germination, after 100 days - harvest. The pods are large, not curved, each with 3-5 fruits, tasty, juicy, fleshy. One of the most common variety in Russia. From 1 sq. m collect 0.5 kg of beans.
Virovsky
Mid-season variety. The ripening period to full technical ripeness is 95-102 days. Pods are slightly curved, length - 8-9 cm. Fruits are oval, whitish or lemon-yellow, matte. Excellent taste during the period of milk ripeness. Productivity - 0.56 kg per 1 sq. m.
Aushra
Fodder grade. Ripens in 120 days. Pods 6-8 cm long. In pods 3-4 beans. Drought tolerant. Productivity - 29 kg / ha, green mass - 340 kg / ha.
Russian black
Medium early, frost-resistant variety. It has a pronounced sugar taste. The plant is branched, 0.6-1 m in height. The pods are small - up to 8 cm, contain 3 beans each. The taste of the fruit is delicate, juicy, sweet. By the time of technical ripeness, the seeds are light green, fully ripe, they turn purple.
They prefer to grow in sunny areas. m collect 0.5 kg. This is an old proven variety, bred in the USSR and officially registered in 1943.
Bobchinsky
Medium early sugar variety. From seedlings to technical ripeness, 60-65 days pass. Plant height - 0.6 m. The pods are straight or slightly curved. Productivity 1.3-1.6 kgf 1 sq. m.
Windsor white
A high-yielding variety with medium ripening times. Bred in Europe. It has shown itself well in a harsh climate, withstands spring frosts. The plant is tall, the height of the shoots is 1-1.2 m. The pods are large, fleshy, with a smooth surface. Each pod contains 2-3 milky green beans. As they mature, they become brown.
The taste of the beans is excellent, they contain a lot of vitamins A, B, C. They are very high in calories - they are many times superior to potatoes. Productivity - 1.6-1.8 kg per 1 square. m.
Patio
This variety ripens before anyone else. Its main difference is compactness. The height of the plant is not more than 30-40 cm. The variety is suitable for growing in pots - such beans can be grown on balconies and patios. Bushes quickly grow greens, the ovaries ripen 50 days after planting. One pod contains up to 8 fruits. The taste is pleasant, eaten during the period of milk ripeness. Suitable for recycling. Harvesting - in July-August.
Pink flamingo
The variety is classified as new. Ripening dates are medium early. 60 days pass from germination to technical ripeness. The plant grows up to 60 cm in height. One bush has 8-16 pods. They are light green in color. The length of the pods is 7-8 cm.
The advantage of this variety is that the pods do not crack after ripening. The seeds are large, carmine-pink. Delicious fresh and suitable for various types of processing.
Children's delight
Medium early grade. Ripens in 70-90 days. The plant is medium-leafed, its height is about 1 m. The pods are wide, strongly curved, during the period of technical ripeness - green. Seeds are large, oval, white.
Beans scare away Colorado beetles and moles.
Optics
An early variety, ripens in 88-100 days. A powerful plant that grows up to 1 m in height. The pods are large, fleshy, with thick flaps. Length - 10-15 cm. One pod contains 3-4 seeds. The color of the beans in milky ripeness is light green.
After ripening, the seeds become dark beige. Tasty fresh, suitable for preservation, freezing, cooking. The variety is recommended for diet food.
Royal harvest
Medium early high-yielding variety. Upright plant with fleshy and long pods. The fruits are large, in one pod there are as many as 8 pieces. It is characterized by uniform ripening and high taste characteristics.
Summer resident
Tall, early ripe variety. It grows over 1 m in height. The pods are large, the valves are fleshy. The length of the pods is up to 17 cm. The seeds are large, white. Recommended for baby and diet food.
White pearls
The variety was recently bred. Peeling pods. From the moment of germination to technical ripeness - 55-65 days. Height - 1 m. On one plant - up to 10 pods, straight and long. The length of the pod is up to 11 cm. Each contains 4-5 fruits. At first, the seeds are light, when ripe, they turn yellow, and during storage they acquire a light brown tint.
Growing features
Beans are the most cold-resistant garden crop. Growing it requires a certain temperature and humidity:
- Beans are plants with long daylight hours, and are undemanding to heat conditions. They rise at 3 ° C, withstand frost up to - 4 ° C. Seeds sprout at 3 ° C. Germinate after 12-13 days.
- Temperature for growth is up to 21-23 ° C. Beans don't like heat. At high temperatures, the flowers fall, many empty flowers appear.
- The culture is hygrophilous. Watering is especially important during the flowering period. Drought does not tolerate well.
- Beans make the soil loose, and prevent weeds from growing.
How to choose a site?
Site requirements:
- Soils - fertile loam, slightly acidic or neutral.
- Beans love moisture, so planting them is preferable in lowlands. They can also be planted between rows of vegetable crops or in low elevations where snow melts early. The soil must be moist, but no stagnant moisture, otherwise the seeds will rot.
- If there is not enough potassium in the soil, it is applied at the root.
- Good daylight.
Good and bad predecessors
The culture does not respond well to excess nitrogen in the soil. Beans themselves produce this chemical element. When planting beans, it is important to consider the predecessors:
- Good ones. Beans grow well after cabbage, potatoes and cucumbers, pumpkin and tomatoes.
- The bad ones. Areas where peas, peanuts, soybeans, beans and lentils were previously grown are not suitable.
Outdoor landing
Beans - unpretentious culture. If you properly prepare for the landing, the likelihood of a high yield increases many times.
Preparing the soil for planting beans with seeds
Ground preparation procedure:
- Dig the earth on a bayonet shovel. In autumn, compost or manure is introduced - 3-4 kg per 1 sq. m. Ash is also added to the soil - to reduce the acidity of the soil.
- In the spring - re-digging. During the spring digging, mineral fertilizers and 15 g of urea are applied.
When to plant seeds?
Beans are sown as favorable weather conditions form - the soil should warm up, although it should be up to + 5 ° C, and at the same time be sufficiently moist, filled with melt water. In central Russia, this time begins in early May. If you delay the planting, then the growth and development of the plant will be less intense. Late planting leads to the defeat of the culture of fungal diseases and insects.
Seedlings are rarely used. It allows you to bring the crop closer, but it requires extra hassle. This option is used in regions where spring comes late.
The procedure for growing seedlings:
- Soaking seeds for 12-14 hours.
- Planting in separate containers. The landing time is the beginning of April. They grow seedlings in a greenhouse for about a month.
How to increase seed germination?
Seed preparation for planting:
- Seeds for sowing are carefully selected, rejecting defective and non-standard ones. If there is a hole in the bean, it is also set aside - it is damaged by the grinder. If you break the seed in half, you can see - the larva has attached itself inside. Such seeds are not suitable for planting.
- The seeds are germinated at 4-10 ° C. To do this, they are wrapped in a damp cloth for 1-2 days. It is impossible to wet the matter strongly - the seeds will rot, and not germinate. Beans are spread on one moistened piece of cloth, the other is covered. The second option for germination is placing the seeds in a bowl of water for 5-6 hours. In the stimulator, the beans are soaked for 4 hours. It is impossible to overexpose seeds in water and stimulants.
Planting methods
Planting beans in seeds in open ground can be done in two ways:
- Wide-row one-liner. Between the rows leave 40-45 cm. Between adjacent plants - 20-25 cm. The distance should be such that the beans do not interfere with each other to grow.
- Two-line tape. Distance between ribbons - 45 cm. Between lines - 20 cm, between bushes - 10 cm.
The seeds are buried 6-8 cm. The sowing rate is 25-35 g per 1 sq. Seeds are laid in moist soil, but after planting it is still watered.
Best Bean Neighbors
The culture in question gets along well with many vegetables. The beans can be planted near tomatoes, corn, radishes, radishes, spinach, and mustard. But the best neighborhood they have with cucumbers. Beans are advised to be planted around cucumber beds.
The beans are also compatible with potatoes, but they are planted exclusively around the perimeter of the plot - so that they do not take away nutrients, the beans are very "gluttonous". If you plant beans between the rows, the tubers will grow small.
For the beans themselves, the proximity to herbs is useful - they grow excellently next to basil, lavender, oregano, rosemary, yarrow. Contraindicated as neighbors are onions, garlic, peas, marigolds and bitter wormwood.
Harvesting
Beginning to harvest the beans in the summer. During the season you have to harvest several times. The interval between fruit collection is a week and a half. Beans are eaten fresh when the fruits are green, juicy, milky-ripe.
The seeds reach the state of milky ripeness in about a couple of weeks after flowering. The pods are first cut off at the bottom - there the fruits ripen first. Break out the pods with your hands, being careful not to damage the plant.
Garden crop care
It is simple to take care of the beans - they need to be watered, loosened, hilled, fed and weeds removed in time.
Bean feeding
If the soil was properly prepared - organic and mineral fertilizers were applied, then there is no special need for fertilizing. If some moments were missed during the preparation of the soil, the plant will indicate a problem with its appearance - it may be necessary to fertilize.
Features of feeding beans:
- During the emergence of seedlings, the culture is fed with urea and mullein, 20 g and 0.5 l per 1 sq. Km. m respectively. The components are dissolved in 10 liters of water and watered with the resulting solution of the beds - 0.5 liters per bush.
- For 1 square. m introduce 10 g of superphosphate, 5 g of potassium salt and ammonium nitrate.
If the beans have slowed down in growth, they are fed with potassium-nitrogen fertilizer - 10-15 g are applied per square meter.
Watering features
Beans love moisture, and regular hydration is an important point in the agricultural technology of this crop. Watering is recommended during flowering and during fruit setting. But it is important not to overdo it with watering - if moisture stagnation begins, the roots of the plant can rot. Another drawback of excess moisture is the active growth of greenery to the detriment of productivity.
If there is no rain, then the beans are watered with a frequency of 2 times a week. For 1 square. m pour about a bucket of water.
Weeding, cultivating
Since the plant has a powerful root system, it suppresses the growth of "aliens". Weeds that do grow must be removed so as not to hinder the growth and development of the culture. This is especially important at the initial stage, when the plant grows up, suppresses competitors, and the need for weeding will disappear.
When the height of the plants reaches 50 cm, they are spudded. During the season spend 2 - hilling. By raking the earth against the stem, the plant is better able to withstand the wind.
Pinching the tops
Pluck the tops when flowers appear. Aphids stick to young greens and drink juices. Tearing off about 10-15 cm of the tops, the gardener deprives the parasites of the "food base". The fruits at the same time evenly develop and ripen.
Tying, support for the shoots
There are varieties of beans that reach a height of 1 m or more. Such plants can break under the influence of the wind - the stems of the beans are quite fragile. Tall varieties must be tied up.
The following types of supports are used for tying:
- Wooden supports - they are driven into the ground near the bush. The plant is tied to a support with a soft twine. Stake height - 1 m.
- Tapestries. To build them, racks are driven in at the edges of the beds. Between them is a soft cord to which the stems are tied.
How to deal with pests?
In order not to lose the harvest, plantings with dangerous insects are treated with special compounds.
Bean pests and control:
Pest | Harm | Treatment |
Black bean aphid | Attacks young shoots, the stems become crooked. | The tops are torn off during active growth - up to 15 cm long. They are treated with Karbofos. |
Bean Grain | The butterfly lays eggs in young ovaries. The larvae, having invaded the seed, eat it up. | Soaking the seeds in a salt solution. |
Sprout fly | The fly larvae feed on the roots of the beans. | Regular loosening of soil and removal of weeds. |
Disease control
Beans rarely get sick; this crop is disease resistant. But preventive measures will not interfere, any disease can lead to the loss of the crop - in whole or in part.
Common bean diseases and their symptoms:
Disease | Symptoms | Treatment |
Anthracnose | Brown spots appear on the leaves and stems. Bean valves - in dark ulcerations, fruit formation is disturbed. | Spraying plants with 1% Bordeaux liquid. |
Rust | A fungal disease causes a change in plant tissues - the stems and leaves turn white and soften. It develops in a humid climate. | Agrotechnical methods are used - feeding and dressing seeds. |
Powdery mildew | Symptoms appear during the flowering period. On all terrestrial parts of the plant - a white coating. The entire growing season lasts. | Processing of gray colloidal 1% (0.50 g per 1 sq. M). Pollinated with powder sulfur (3 g per 1 sq. M). |
Preventive measures:
- The introduction of potash and phosphorus fertilizers.
- Destruction of crop residues after harvesting.
- Warming up the seeds before planting in +50 ° C water.
Bean storage
If the beans are plucked in their own area, and immediately placed in the refrigerator, then they are stored there for no more than 2-3 days. You need to get the fruits from the valves right before use - then they will be softer. Leaving the valves, the seeds dry quickly, become hard. In the form of pods, beans are stored longer - up to 7 days.
Storage Features:
- Frozen fresh beans are stored for approximately 6 months. They are put in the freezer in plastic bags or in plastic containers. The beans are blanched for a few minutes before freezing.
- Dry beans can be stored for up to 1 year. At the same time, it is important to observe storage conditions - coolness, dryness, and most importantly, the seeds should be periodically checked for defective specimens.
- If fresh fruits have shriveled during storage, it is best not to eat them. Perhaps this was due to violations of storage conditions, and possibly due to a fungal disease.
The agricultural technology of beans is extremely simple, and their unique frost resistance allows you to get good yields even in the northern regions. Growing this culture is doubly beneficial - you not only get a valuable food product in the form of beans, but also enrich your site with nitrogen.
Author of the publication
12
Russia. City Novosibirsk
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