Bashkiria is a real paradise for mushrooms. Here the climate suitable for them is temperate continental, fertile soils and average humidity in summer. Of the entire mushroom mass growing in the region, 1/3 are edible mushrooms. The rest are inedible and poisonous.
The beginning of the mushroom season in Bashkiria
The harvest season begins in spring - as soon as the snow falls. Spring mushrooms are the first to appear - they are not as good as boletus and other noble species, but after the winter "downtime", mushrooms are welcome. Last - autumn mushrooms complete fruiting during a period of severe cooling.
And the real mushroom season - with a massive collection of mushrooms, mushrooms, mushrooms, butter and other popular mushrooms, begins in late September. Sometimes a shift occurs at a later date - if good mushroom rains do not pass on time.
Mushroom places of Bashkiria
Mushroom pickers choose to collect the terrain, remote from highways and cities. Mushroom places:
- Forest plantations near the settlements of Kamyshly and Kushnarenkovo.
- Arrays in the Blagovarsky area.
- Forests near the villages of Nurlino, Dmitriyevka, Ishkarovo, Novokagnyshevo.
- Forest plantations in Mesyagutovo, Duvan district.
- Stations "Yam-Bakhta", "Lake".
- The surroundings of the Mill and Zaton.
Edible mushrooms
The species diversity of the mushroom world is due to the geographical location of Bashkiria - the republic is located in several climatic zones at once. In addition, the climate is significantly affected by the variable terrain. The temperate continental climate with warm and humid summers creates ideal conditions for mushroom growth.
About a hundred species of mushrooms grow in Bashkiria, of which only 30% are edible. Here, mushrooms, mushrooms, brown boletus, boletus, chanterelles, honey mushrooms and russula are most valued here.
White mushroom
Description. Large sturdy mushrooms with a thick stalk thickened at the base. A large brownish hat, reaching 7-30 cm in diameter in mature specimens. The color of the hat varies from light brown, almost white, to dark brown. The color of the cap is affected by environmental conditions.
Where and when does it grow? White mushroom loves light forests, birch and pine. He prefers to settle on the fringes, clearings, near forest paths. Fruits in June to October. Experienced mushroom pickers are advised to look for boletus in the Blagovarsky district, near the village of Yazykovo. A good “hunt” can be arranged near the villages of Nurlino, Dmitriyevka, Novokangyshevo and near the village of Yazykovo.
Doubles. Only inexperienced mushroom picker can confuse boletus. It looks like a bile mushroom, which is easy to distinguish by its bitter taste and pulp, which turns pink on a slice. Sometimes mushrooms are confused with a satanic mushroom - it is easy to recognize by the brownish-red leg.
A rare mushroom in Russia grows in Bashkiria, which is called "semi-white" or "yellow boletus". Here it grows in oak forests. The mushroom differs from boletus with a yellowish leg and a golden tubular layer.
Cultivation. Mushrooms can be grown in two ways - in the wild and indoors. Planting material - mycelium or spores, can be prepared in the forest yourself, you can buy in specialized stores.
Boletus
Description. In mature specimens, the hat is dark brown. Reaches a diameter of 18 cm. Long cylindrical leg. The hat, at first hemispherical, becomes like a small pillow as it grows.
Where and when does it grow? Often grow under birch trees. They like to grow on the edges, outskirts of fields, thinned birch trees - where it is light. May appear from June - if the summer is rainy, and bear fruit until October. In Bashkiria there are many boletus in the Blagovarsky district, near the Red Hill and near Yazykovo.
Doubles. It can be confused with a false boletus, its second name is bile mushroom. You can recognize the double according to the bitter taste - just lick the tubular layer.
Cultivation. For artificial crops use spores or mycelium. You can also bring mycelium from the forest. It is important to maintain soil moisture.
Boletus
Description. The hat is bright orange. At first spherical, as it grows, it straightens out. In the diameter of the hat reach 5-20 cm. The leg is long, cylindrical, in black scales.
Where and when does it grow? Favorite habitats - mixed forest, birch forests, blueberries. Growth time - from June to the most frosts. All the most delicious mushrooms are found in the south of Bashkiria. Here you need to look for redheads. Mushroom places are concentrated near the villages of Nurlino and Novokangyshevo. Crops of boletus were seen near Kaltimanovo and Shamonono.
Doubles. You can confuse it with mustard - it is a non-toxic mushroom that can be easily identified by its bitter taste.
Cultivation. They can be artificially cultivated. For crops, mycelium is used. You can also pick up spore hats. Mycelium is available in specialized stores.
Ginger
Description. The saffron mushrooms have orange and green hats. The surface of the hats is painted in concentric circles. Ginger is strong and stocky. He has a hollow leg up to 9 cm long. If you break a mushroom, drops of milky juice will appear.
Where and when does it grow? Most mushrooms in pine forests and spruce forests. For comfortable growth they need conifers - with them they form mycorrhiza (fungus root). In Bashkiria, saffron milk go to the woods near the village of Ishkarovo (Ilesha district). Mass growth begins in August-September.
Doubles. Sometimes mushrooms are confused with edible thrills, which is not scary. The cap is pink and has a fringe around the edges of the hat. You can also confuse them with the milkers of two varieties - fragrant and large. They are also not toxic, but worse in taste.
Cultivation. Redheads do not grow indoors. The mushroom requires natural conditions. For crops, use mycelium or hats that are scattered dry or after soaking.
Butterflies
Description. They have convex sticky hats painted in yellow and brown shades. The shape of the hats is first conical or spherical, then they straighten. In diameter reach 15 cm. Covered with adhesive film skin.
Where and when does it grow? Prefers well-lit places - clearings, hills, forest paths. It appears first in June, in July - the second wave. It grows in pine trees. A lot of butter in the Zilair and Mechetlinsky areas in Kaltymanovo.
Doubles. Looks like edible moss flys and poisonous panther fly agarics.
Cultivation. Tasty butter can be cultivated on an industrial scale. For sowing use mycelium, bred in laboratories. Mushroom growers also take spores from overripe butter.
Mushrooms
Description. The mushroom grows in families. A small hat is only 3-6 cm. The leg is thin, up to 7 cm long. The lower part is covered with dark scales. Leg with a "skirt". In young animals on hats, in the center - tubercles.
Where and when does it grow? Prefers deciduous trees. They grow on rotten and damaged trunks. There are summer mushrooms - they begin to grow in June, autumn fruits in the period - September-October. They go to Arslanovo and Iglino for honey mushrooms. Experienced mushroom pickers are also advised to go to the Mill Mill area or to Zaton. There are a lot of hemp mushrooms near the village of Ishkarovo (Ilish district).
Doubles. Summer honey mushrooms have many doubles, among which sulfur-yellow mushrooms are more dangerous than others. It can be distinguished by the bright yellow color of the legs and hats. False honey has no scales.
Cultivation. Amenable to cultivation. Sowing is carried out by disputes - they are extracted from overripe hats. Cut hats are insisted in water, and then it is poured on stumps and trunks intended for the growth of honey agarics. Read more about growing mushrooms in farm conditions here.
Champignons
Description. The hat is white, a little brownish in the center. First, bent inward, with age is revealed. The plates of young animals are whitish, turn pink with age, and in old mushrooms they are red-brown. There is a ring on the leg. The hat reaches 20 cm in diameter. Weight - up to 300 g.
Where and when does it grow? Love well-manicured soils. It can be found in gardens, parks, gardens, near stables, in fields and forests. Field champignon is especially tasty - it has a special mushroom spirit. Large yields of champignons were observed in the areas of Krasny Yar and Ufa, as well as at the Ozernaya station. They grow from late May to mid-October.
Doubles. Often confused with pale grebe. There is also a poisonous type of champignon - carbolic. When pressed, his hat turns yellow - so you can identify a poisonous mushroom.
Cultivation. Industrial method of cultivating double-champory mushrooms, which practically do not grow in nature. This mushroom is grown industrially all over the world. It is tasty and grows well in artificial conditions.
Umbrellas
Description. Little-known edible mushroom with a ringed or open hat of white or beige color. Young animals have ovoid hats. The leg is high, expanded at the base. The hat is thick and fleshy. Diameter - 6-12 cm. The hat is covered with scales, the edges are fibrous.
Where and when does it grow? It grows in deciduous forests, at the edges, meadows, pastures. Fruiting - from early June to October.
Doubles. It can be confused with a smelly fly agaric, which has a bag-like coverlet and a mucous white hat.
Cultivation. These are compost mushrooms that grow on champignon substrata. Large yields have not yet been obtained. Laboratories are still working on the issue of cultivating an umbrella mushroom under artificial conditions.
Gruzdy
Description. The real hat has a creamy yellowish or milky white hat. Concentric circles are almost imperceptible. The leg is dense and thick. A white milky juice appears on the cut. Also in Bashkiria grow varieties of breasts - yellow, black, blue. All of them go to salting after soaking. They differ in color of hats.
Where and when does it grow? They grow mainly in birch forests, as well as in coniferous and deciduous forests. They love the edges and glades. There are large yields of mushrooms near Sterlitamak. Mushroom pickers also find them in abundance in the forest plantings of Kushnarenkovo and Kamyshly. Grow from the end of July to September.
Doubles. It can be confused with conditionally edible varieties, which, being outwardly similar to ordinary breasts, have a very bitter taste. These include breast peppers, camphor, golden yellow, felt.
Cultivation. Breasts need high humidity. The most difficult thing to grow is to grow mycelium. Mycelium is bought or taken in the forest.
Flywheel
Description. The convex hat has a suede surface. The color is olive or brownish green. The yellowish leg is often curved and narrowed at the base.
Where and when does it grow? Grows in mixed forests. Prefer sandy soils, swampy pine trees. They love the edges, clearings, and are also often found along roads.
Doubles. You can confuse it with a false moss fly - it refers to conditionally edible, or with a chestnut mushroom that remains bitter even after cooking.
Cultivation. Grow, sowing spores from fresh hats. Pieces of hats found in the forest are laid in the soil. You can also grow mushrooms on stumps in which holes are drilled under the mycelium.
Fox
Description. A mushroom in which the hat is inseparable from the stem. Color - orange, pale yellow. In diameter, a mature mushroom reaches 5-12 cm. In the shape of a fox, they resemble inverted umbrellas.
Where and when does it grow? Grow in mixed forests. Prefer spruce and birch. Love high humidity. Fruits from early summer to mid-October. Look for chanterelles is near the village of Nurlino, as well as near Dmitrievka - this is not far from Ufa - there are chanterelles and porcini mushrooms.
Doubles. Among the chanterelles there are many inedible species. There is a false fox, which is like a real one, but it itself is from another family. False chanterelles are bright yellow and love to grow on stumps.
Cultivation. Chanterelles grow best under oaks and beeches. Mushroom growers plant them in two ways - either by spores from overripe hats, or pour mushroom solution from soaked chanterelles into the place of planting.
Wake
Description. A mushroom with a pink hat adorned with fringed edges. Above the hat are concentric circles. Raw, bitter. They are added to dishes as seasoning. Suitable for salting.
Where and when does it grow? The trefoil chooses deciduous and mixed forests. It forms mycorrhiza with birch trees. Usually grows under young trees. They grow in heaps and in many ways. Mushroom pickers claim that there are a lot of waves near the Yam-Bakhta station. The first wave of waves begins in mid-June. The active growth phase is from August to early October.
Doubles. You can mix it up with someone from the Chechen. All of them are conditionally edible, but many of them are better not to eat. The top of the head is noticeable enough to confuse it with other mushrooms.
There are no inedible throttles that can be poisoned. However, in many foreign catalogs the thrush is served as a poisonous mushroom. In Russia, this mushroom, properly processed, is used for salting.
Cultivation. Mycelium for planting is taken in the fall from overripe waves. Crush them into slices and dry for 24 hours in a shaded place. Then planting material is planted in deep furrows.
Raincoats
Description. All raincoats are prickly and vesicular, edible while young. They have a spherical shape. White color. There is a short false foot.
Where and when does it grow? They grow on the edges, clearings, in the steppe. They love nutritious soils. Of all the raincoats, only the pear-shaped settles on rotten trees. Mushroom pickers rarely hunt raincoats, but if they come across a group of white balls, they won't refuse, this mushroom is great when roasted.
Doubles. Confused with a puddle rain. This mushroom has a darker skin, and the flesh has a purple hue. There is also a danger of confusing the raincoat with a young fly agaric.
Cultivation. Sowing requires raincoat spores. Sowing is done in moist soil. The planting site is chosen so that it resembles the site where the mushrooms were taken for sowing. Thin grass, a little shade and fallen leaves are needed.
Headman
Description. The hat has the shape of a bell. The pulp is fibrous. The hat is covered with flakes like flakes. The legs are thin and fragile. The mushroom has practically no pulp.
Where and when does it grow? Able to grow in a few hours. It happens that the growth cycle is one hour. Prefers manicured soils. It grows in forests, near rotten trees, in personal plots, in parks, in landfills. The fruiting period is May-October.
Doubles. There are no poisonous doubles. He himself is not particularly in demand among mushroom pickers.
Cultivation. The technology for growing dung beetles is similar to that used for the cultivation of champignons. Very productive mushroom. You can dig up the mushrooms and transplant yourself on the site. Dung beetles also grow well in beds and in crates.
Horned
Description. In Bashkiria, different types of horned cattle grow - yellow, amethyst, and comb. All of them are similar in structure to the fruiting body, but differ in color. The fungus has a branched body, the flesh is fragile and watery. It looks like coral.
Where and when does it grow? Yellow hornbills grow in pine and mixed forests, amethyst - in deciduous, combed in mixed. They grow from August to September-October.
Doubles. There are no poisonous doubles.
Growing. In our country, they are not engaged in the cultivation of horned pork, as these mushrooms themselves are little known. But in Europe they are actively used for food - they are boiled, fried, stewed.
Spotted wet
Description. Lamellar high-yielding mushroom. It grows in groups. The hat is reddish brown. The records are rare and thick. The foot repeats the color of the hat or a little lighter.
Where and when does it grow? They grow in deciduous and mixed forests of Bashkiria. It grows from the second half of July until the beginning of autumn.
Doubles. There are no inedible and poisonous counterparts. It looks like a pink mokruha, which has a bright pink hat.
Cultivation. Amenable to cultivation. Mycelium is planted in the ground, evenly sprinkling on fluffy soil. Mycelium can be bought, one package is enough for one square meter of area. You can plant mycelium at any time of the year.
Tinder funnel sulfur yellow
Description. He has a noticeable round hat of yellow color. Also names are yolk and witch's dough. The legs are soft and hollow, hard. As it grows, stiffness increases. The fruit body is edible only at the “test” stage, while it is soft and tender - it tastes like an omelet.
Where and when does it grow? The tinderman prefers deciduous trees - oaks, elms, walnuts and Manchurian. Sometimes it can be found on alder, poplar, willow, birch. Grow starts in late May. It happens that appears on the tree again - in July-August. In the West, the mushroom is delicious, and in Russia they do not pay much attention to it.
Doubles. Has no poisonous doubles. But it is believed that you can not take fruits from conifers - they are supposedly poisonous.
Cultivation. Pipers grow on a substrate of sawdust, shavings and stern small branches. The mixture is poured with boiling water, cooled and squeezed, mixed with pre-extracted or purchased mycelium, and laid out in bags with notches.
Morel ordinary
Description. An ordinary morel has an irregular spherical cap of a cellular type. Inside the hat and the leg are hollow, approximately the same in height. The color of the hat is buffy, brownish, brown. Legs are smooth, white, brittle, yellow with age. The smell is gentle and pleasant.
Where and when does it grow? It can be found in any mixed or deciduous forest. They like to settle along country roads, on clearings, forest edges, in gardens and in meadows. Prefers floodplains of rivers with fertile soils. In Bashkiria, the demand for this mushroom is not great - unless, when there are no other mushrooms. This spring mushroom grows plentifully from April to May.
Doubles. Any of the morel mushrooms can be confused with a false morel. Another name is gouty or smelly morel. Cellular hat, 5 cm high, dark olive color. Covered with mucus. You can distinguish by the pungent odor with which false morel attracts insects. It is said that there are a lot of morels on the outskirts of Zaton (the Hospital stop).
Cultivation. Morels are appreciated and actively grown in Europe. Sowing is carried out by scattering pieces of morels under trees or in beds.
Morel conical
Description. Olive brown, grayish or brown hat conical shape. The leg is white, hollow and fragile.
Where and when does it grow? You need to look for it in moist and dark forests - mixed and coniferous. It is more often found in glades, in places of bonfires and fires. Mass fruiting - end of April - beginning of June. Depending on the place of growth, the taste is different. In the north of Bashkiria, in mixed forests, you can find brown morel fist-sized - they have a delicate and rich taste. And the light brown morels collected on the banks of the Ufimka River are small, fragile, without a special mushroom taste.
Doubles. False morels can be identified by a hat. Poisonous specimens have hats that are not fully attached to the leg. The second difference is that hat cuts are filled with white flesh; in edible morels, hats are hollow.
Cultivation. In Europe, conic morels are classified as delicacies. They are grown, as well as ordinary morels - scattering hats under trees or in beds.
Morel hat
Description. Hats are bell-shaped. Looks like thimbles worn on fingers. Wrinkled hats often have a brown color, less often a yellowish color. Aging, morel caps lose their hats - some bare legs stick out at 15-20 cm each. The color of the legs is white or cream.
Where and when does it grow? It grows in spring - the second half of April - May. Prefers deciduous forests. Likes to grow under aspens, lindens, birches, oaks.
Doubles. Sometimes confused with false morels or with lines. But the lines grow only under coniferous trees, and their velvety folded cap is firmly connected to the leg.
Cultivation. It is cultivated by planting mycelium on beds. Usually sown in greenhouses on fertile soil. A year-round intensive cultivation method does not yet exist.
Line
Description. Has a shapeless hat. Unlike morels, the stitches do not have cells, but winding folds - like walnut kernels. The color of the hats is brown-brown. The leg is short. When cutting, the mushroom is not hollow, like morel, it has everything - a hat and a leg, in partitions and convolutions. Gigantic stitches can reach 30 cm in diameter.
Where and when does it grow? Morels grow in spring. Harvesting can begin in early April, even at the end of March - as soon as the snow melts. Lines appear simultaneously with snowdrops. Grows in forest areas.
Doubles. Usually, the line itself is confused with morels. The lines themselves are dangerous for inexperienced mushroom pickers. It is necessary to violate the technology of preparation - poisoning is inevitable. There are different types of lines - autumn, giant, bunched.
A line that is improperly processed can cause intoxication. It is considered a delicacy in some countries, but in Russia it is often called poisonous - there have been too many cases of poisoning.
Cultivation. The line cannot be defined in the necessary category in any way - in some sources it is conditionally edible, in others it is poisonous. This is due to the fact that gyrometrine, a toxic substance, was found in the lines. The mushroom is eaten only after special treatment that removes toxins. Lines are grown using the same technology as morels.
Inedible mushrooms of Bashkiria
70% of the mushroom mass in the forests of Bashkiria are inedible and poisonous mushrooms. If the former taste bad, and can only spoil the dish, then the latter can cause severe poisoning, even death. To protect yourself from the use of poisonous mushrooms, all of them should be known by name - with signs and places of growth. Let's see what deadly mushrooms can be found in the forests of Bashkiria.
Report on the features of mushroom picking in October. Experts talk about the rules for collecting mushrooms, which will avoid poisoning:
Fly agaric
Description. Amanita muscaria is a beautiful mushroom with a bright hat topped with white scaly specks.
Where does it grow and when? It grows in any forest. Amanita is able to create mycorrhiza with any trees. Growth begins in late July.
Who can be confused with? It is impossible to confuse red fly agaric - there are no more such bright and noticeable mushrooms in the forest. In addition to red, there are other poisonous varieties - panther, smelly, grebe. But there are also edible fly agarics - for example, gray-pink and Caesar. They are even cultivated artificially. To do this, use spore-shaped hats - they are cut and mixed with soil.
Death cap
Description. Pale grebe and all relatives are very similar in shape, the differences are only in color and nuances. All of them are united by one thing - they are terribly poisonous. The color of the hat may vary in shades - there are greenish, olive, grayish grebes. Hats are flat or hemispherical, with smooth edges. If the pulp is broken, its color does not change. Toadstool is sweetish in taste, but does not smell. The lower part of the leg has a thickening with a film, on the upper part - a film ring. Tuberoid thickening at the bottom of the leg is the main difference between the toadstool, by which it can be accurately identified.
Where does it grow and when? It grows alone and in groups. It grows everywhere, but prefers mixed and deciduous forests. Growth begins in late summer.
Who can be confused with? Inexperienced mushroom pickers can take grebes for russula, greenfinch, champignons.
Poisonous rowing
Description. In the poisonous gray rowing, the edges of the caps are turned inwards. Hat color - off-white, brownish, gray. The pulp is white in color, with a floury smell and taste. On a hat - densely located scales. The leg is covered with powdery coating. Greenish-yellow plates grow to the stem.
Where does it grow and when? Prefers sandy soils covered with moss. It grows in coniferous forests, in pine trees, in parks and gardens, in fields and meadows. Ripening period is August-October.
Who can be confused with? Can be confused with edible rows. In their family there are many conditionally edible mushrooms.
False honey mushrooms (sulfur yellow)
Description. The sulfur-yellow honey agarics have strong hats that reach a diameter of 7 cm. At first, the hats are spherical, as they spread, they straighten. The color of the hats is bright yellow. In the center are orange spots. The legs are thick and hollow. The color is similar to the hat. The flesh on the fault is yellow, it smells unpleasant, it tastes bitter.
Where does it grow and when? Fruiting from mid-June to the snow. They grow in forests of all types and in fields. It grows on tree trunks and on rotten stumps. Colonies can contain up to 20 specimens.
Who can be confused with? Usually confused with edible mushrooms. The main difference from real mushrooms is the absence of scales. Real mushrooms - summer and autumn, have brown legs, like hats.
Spider web
Description. Cobwebs have about 400 species. Among them are both poisonous and edible. They are practically not collected - in appearance they look like grebes. Many smell bad. Two mushrooms are considered deadly poisonous - the mountain and the most beautiful cobwebs. The hat of the mountain cobweb is brown-red or orange, the plates are the same color. Leg yellowish, longitudinally rusty fibers on it. The beautiful cobweb looks like a mountain. Young growth has a cobwebbed cover of yellow ocher color.
Where does it grow and when? Cobwebs grow in coniferous forests, like moss and moist marshy soil.
Who can be confused with? You can confuse it with a diverse edible cobweb, in which there is a brown fleshy hat with the edges bent inward.
On the territory of Bashkiria there are zones that differ in relief and climate, therefore, mushrooms of different species are found here. The main thing is not to confuse the edible mushroom with false counterparts, and not to put the poisonous mushroom in the basket.
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